Chambered light brown pith: Eastern Black Walnut (Juglans nigra).
Chambered dark brown pith: Butternut (Juglans cinerea).
Walnut/Butternut. Pith description detail from Woody Plants in Winter by Core and Ammons.
Chambered pith is unusual. Here’s a White Oak (Quercus alba) twig for comparison. Core and Ammons describe Quercus as having “pith moderate, continuous, star-shaped in cross section.” (I could not get a good enough cut for a cross-section.)
But… All these twigs were found on the ground. When I snapped the oaken one, I found something inside.
Larval something. Hymenoptera, I think. 5mm long.
More than one.
This may be how they got into the twig in the first place, or else these are the exit holes of their brethren.
Backyard and Beyond 
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